Central Locking System Essay Example for Free

Central Locking System EssayPower entre gos (also known as electric introduction locks or central locking) allow the driver or front passenger to simultaneously lock or open all the doorways of an automobile or truck, by pressing a merelyton or flipping a switch. Power door locks were introduced on the luxury Scripps-Booth in 1914, but were not common on luxury cars until Packard reintroduced them in 1956. Nearly every car model today offers this feature as at least optional equipment. Early remainss locked and opened only the car doors. Many cars today also feature systems which can open up such things as the luggage compartment or burn down filler cap door.It is also common on modern cars for the locks to activate automatically when the car is put into gear or reaches a certain speed. irrelevant and handsfree In 1980, Ford Motor Company introduced an external discoverpad-type keyless entry system, wherein the driver entered a numeric combination either pre-programm ed at the factory or one programmed by the owner to unlock the car with come forth(a) the key. Early- to mid-1980s Nissan Maximas could also be installed with a keypad, which would also retract the windows and moonroof once the car was successfully unlocked by pushing a specific button on the keypad.During the 1990s the Subaru Legacy could also be opened by pulling the drivers external door manage a specific number of times to enter a passcode number that would unlock the drivers door only. Today, many cars with power door locks also have a radio frequency remote keyless system, which allows a person to press a button on a remote lead key fob, the counterbalance being available on the French made Renault Fuego in 1982. 1 Currently, many luxury makers also allow the windows to be opened or closed by pressing and holding a button on the remote control key fob, or by inserting the ignition key and holding it in the lock or unlock osition in the external drivers door lock.The remote locking system confirms successful locking and unlocking through either a light or a horn signal, and usually offers an option to switch easily between these two variants. Both provide almost the same functionality, though light signals ar more discreet while horn signals might create a nuisance in residential neighborhoods and other busy park areas (e. g. short-term parking lots). Some manufacturers offer the ability to adjust the horn signal volume.Other cars have a proximity system that is triggered if a keylike transducer (Advanced Key or handsfree) is within a certain distance of the car. How Stuff Works Between the keypads, keyless entry systems and conventional locks, some cars today have four or atomic number 23 different ways to unlock the doors. How do cars keep t compress of all those different methods, and what exactly happens when the doors unlock? The mechanism that unlocks your car doors is really quite interesting. It has to be very reliable because it is going to unlock your doors tens of thousands of times over the life of your car.In this edition of HowStuffWorks, well learn just whats inside your door that makes it unlock. well up take apart the actuator that does the work, and then well learn how the lock can be forced open. But first, lets moderate how the car keeps all its signals straight. Locking and Unlocking present are some of the ways that you can unlock cardoors With a key By pressing the unlock button inside the car By utilize the combination lock on the outside of the door By pulling up the knob on the inside of the door With a keyless-entry remote control By a signal from a control centerIn some cars that have power door locks, the lock/unlock switch actually sends power to the actuators that unlock the door. But in more complicated systems that have several ways to lock and unlock the doors, the soundbox controller decides when to do the unlocking. The body controller is a computer in your car. It takes care of a lot of the little things that make your car friendlier for instance, it makes sure the interior lights stay on until you cacography the car, and it beeps at you if you leave your headlights on or leave the keys in the ignition.In the case of power door locks, the body controller monitors all of the possible sources of an unlock or lock signal. It monitors a door-mounted touchpad and unlocks the doors when the correct code is entered. It monitors a radio frequency and unlocks the doors when it receives the correct digital code from the radio transmitter in your key fob, and also monitors the switches inside the car. When it receives a signal from any of these sources, it provides power to the actuator that unlocks or locks the doors. Now, lets take a look inside an actual car door and see how everything is hooked up.Inside a Car Door In this car, the power-door-lock actuator is positioned below the latch. A rod connects the actuator to the latch, and another rod connects the lat ch to the knob that sticks up out of the top of the door. When the actuator moves the latch up, it connects the outside door handle to the opening mechanism. When the latch is down, the outside door handle is disconnected from the mechanism so that it cannot be opened. To unlock the door, the body controller supplies power to the door-lock actuator for a timed interval. Lets take a look inside the actuator.Inside the Actuator The power-door-lock actuator is a pretty straightforward device. pic Inside the power-door-lock actuator This system is quite simple. A smallelectric motor works a series of spur gears that serve as a gear reduction. The last gear drives a rack-and-pinion gearset that is connected to the actuator rod. The rack converts therotational motion of the motor into the linear motion needed to move the lock. One interesting thing about this mechanism is that while the motor can turn the gears and move the latch, if you move the latch it will not turn the motor.This is accomplished by a neatcentrifugal clutch that is connected to the gear and engaged by the motor. pic motor(a) clutch on the drive gear When the motor spins the gear, the clutch swings out and locks the small metal gear to the larger plastic gear, allowing the motor to drive the door latch. If you move the door latch yourself, all of the gears will turn except for the plastic gear with the clutch on it. Forcing the Lock If you have ever locked yourself out of your car and called the police or AAA to help you get back in, you know that the tool used is a thin metal strip with a flat hook on it.From this article you can now see how this strip works. A simple vertical motion from either the knob on the door or the power-lock actuator is all thats needed to turn the lock and open the door. What the officer is doing with the metal strip is fishing around until he or she maulers onto the point that the knob and actuator connect to. A quick pull on this point and the door is unlocked For mo re information on power door locks and related topics, see the links on the next page.

The play - A Dolls House Essay Example for Free

The play A Dolls House EssayThis play is about a adult females marriage and how it is altered by the lie she has told. The supporting causes in the play enhance the emotional effect of the play and cause us (the reader) to have divers(a) emotions which, range from annoyance to sympathy for all characters in the play. The play is about relationships in particular a picture perfect marriage, which is not all as it seems. From a more social point of view it is about womens role in society during Ibsens (the author) lifetime. The play is a reminder to modern day women that the things we seize on for granted now (our independence i. e. taking out a loan without father/husbands authorisation. ) were very difficult if not impossible to achieve then. The play reaches its mop up in three acts, and uses its acts to get the point of the story across. Act one is the introduction to the story. It is where we (the reader) find out about Noras (the main character) secret. It sets the scen e very well, as this is where we really get to know Noras personality, which is not at all as it first seems.Act two develops the story, this is where the supporting characters really add their personalities to the play and add in concert another image of Nora to the forefront and also add more depth to the story. Act three is the conclusion. This is where all the drama from the first two acts is thrown together to form a very dramatic end. A Dolls House builds up tightness and atmosphere like a pressure cooker. Towards the end of the play it explodes into a surprising but excellent finale, but although it has a dramatic end it is not frantic or hurried, it is actually rather to the point.Torvald is married to the central character of the play, Nora. Torvalds complete ignorance of his wifes true nature only builds up the tension and atmosphere once you begin to understand Nora. Torvald is a petty and arrogant man this contributes towards the tension for the reader because we soon begin to dislike his character. He appears to be very patronising and sexist and treats his wife as a possession, cant I expression at my most treasured possession?At all this loveliness thats mine and mine alone, completely and utterly mine. However in Ibsens time (1879 the squeamish period) this was the acceptable, if not expected behaviour of a husband. Torvald thinks that the more unintelligent a woman is the lovelier she is. But do you think I love you any the little for that just because you dont know how to act on your own responsibility I wouldnt be a proper man if I didnt find a woman doubly attractive for being so obviously helpless

The Roles Of Mainstream Media

The Roles Of Mainstream MediaThe roles of mainstream media lead been widely speculated. Some severalise the mainstream media act as a tool affaird to pass along the government or corporate propaganda (Galt, 2011 http//johngaltfla.com/wordpress/2011/08/25/words-that-merriam-webster-dictionary-left- away-of-the-2011-u-s-edition/) while others say it simply transmits information that is of the interest of the humanity. tho, many skeptical scholars unanimously agreed that the mainstream media is a media reed organ that censor the dissemination of news by distorting information through the use of bias photos, placement bias and other forms of deception that mislead viewers into picture incorrect conclusions (conservapedia, 2012).All in all told, mainstream media argon generally being perceived as an avenue for the government or controlling group to push out their policies and assume that the base proposed generally reflects the prevailing thoughts of the majority.Diverse opinion s on the effects of mainstream mediaThe history of mass media send word be traced back thousands years ago. Studies after studies reviewed that the media possess unfathomable effects. Some scholars perceive media as an invasive, malignant and give the sackcerous force, having direct effects on viewers (manipulate them) while some scholars such as capital of Minnesota Lazarsfeld believed that media had r bely direct influence on individuals. The introduction of Mass Society Theory, Magic Bullet Theory, Middle-range Theory, Critical Theory and many more go on reinforces the idea that media plays an integral part in our lives, although some theories have been rejected as time goes by.Far-sighted figure such as Adolf Hitler foresees the potential of media and thus, uses the radio (a mainstream media) to influence peoples feel and ultimately pushes them to act in accordance to his whims and fancies. Although Hitlers action is one with ill-intentioned, it has proven to the world the capability mainstream media.Mainstream media is comparatively more influential than substitute(a) media as it is the approximately sought after media by the majority and thus, more people are more susceptible to mainstream media.Ownership of mainstream media in MalaysiaOnce you understand how powerful the media can be, it is non surprising to see media literates fighting over the will power of media. The notion Those who own the media own the minds of the people extracted from Karl Marxs greatest ideology once again reinforces how capable media is. With this in mind, the Malaysia government adopted the authoritarian possibleness by being involved directly in the States media ownership.Many media outlets are owned by individuals who have connection to the ruling coalition BN. The ruling party justify their ownership in the mainstream media as an effort aligned with the virgin Economic Policy that aims to break the participation of Bumiputera in mainstream indus rise and to e nsure the economic growth of the nation under the leadership of the elite group.The government or ruling party acquires or controls these media companies through various investment arms. The following list out some of the ownership of the mainstream media in MalaysiaIn the newspaper industry, the New Straits Times raise (NSTP) that publishes the New Straits Times, Berita Harian and Harian Metro is a subsidiary of the Fleet Holdings, an investment arm of UMNO while The Star newspaper turns out to be one of MCA or so invested property (Zaharom Nain, Mustafa K. Anuar, 2008).In the TV sector, TV3, Malaysias first private TV station too is under the control of 4 prominent semipolitical figures, screwn to be closely related to the previous Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim (Zaharom Nain, Mustafa K. Anuar, 2008).Meanwhile the Nats point TV Sdn. Bhd. or unremarkably known as NTV7 is owned by the electric chair of ENCORP Group, Datuk (Dr. Effendi Norwawi) who happened to be Malaysias former Minister of Agri gloss.Furthermore, the government excessively extended their reach in the satellite broadcasting field as Astro and Measat 1 are together with owned by the Binariang Sdn. Bhd., headed by T. Ananda Krishnan, a manufacturing and horse racing tycoon who is a close friend of the former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad (The Star, 9/1/1996)establish on the list of ownership mainstream media in Malaysia, it is evident that the Malaysia mainstream media has never gone out of the ruling coalitions sight. For the past 50 years, the media was and is still closely related to the local authority.This clearly shows that the mainstream media in Malaysia is closely related to the system of power and authority. Media is owned through political connection and that they have a say in the confine of media by sole(prenominal) allowing content that favours the ruling coalition. With ownership of media in hand, media has been regarded as the ultimate tool to reach out to mass audiences.Role of Malaysias mainstream mediaWhat is the role of mainstream media and how it operates lies significantly in the hands of the owner of that particular media. The trendsetter ultimately determines the direction of the mainstream media and its content. For instance, what it queasyts the media to show to the public and what it wants the media to do, i.e. promote government policies.In Malaysia, the mainstream media is a pro-government tool. Due to the polarized system, media operators are dance to abide to the higher management, in other words, the government. If they do not do so, they might face charges under the Sedition Act, Printing and Press Publication Act, functionary Secret Act and other related laws that govern the interest of the governing elites. This modus operandi of mainstream media is to advocate the government in sending the nations messages across to the masses. top-down hierarchy has further inhibited the voices of the opposing party.The st atement that mainstream media in Malaysia been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the governments policies is undoubtedly true. match to Zaharom Nain and Mustafa K. Anuar (2008) from the very first Malaysias newspaper, The Prince of Wales print to the launching of Malaysias first broadcast satellite, Measat 1, the ownership of mainstream media never sees from the sight of political figures. As such, the mainstream media has been fully utilized as a means to propagate the nations policies. From the NEP in 1969 to Look East Policy in the up till fantasy 2020 and now the latest and most bandied about policy 1 Malaysia.Study reveals that media is the primal player in portraying the image of 1Malaysia (Hanita Hassan, Hadina Habil, Noor Aireen Ibrahim).Further, in their research on the roles of media in realizing unity in diversity, they believe that media has a powerful capacity to set the public on the importance of unity by promoting cross-cultural brain, tole rance and carryance of other cultures and religion, the media is thus is the perfect means of communication between the public and the government.1 Malaysia1 Malaysia idea was introduced by our sixth Prime Minister, YAB Dato Sri Najib Tun Razak on 16 September 2010. It is an on-going program where it involves all Malaysians to be united so that Malaysia can become a more harmonious, peaceful and efficient country.For this sentiment to be successful, it is important that all people cooperate as one but not as Sarawakian or Sabahan. 1 Malaysia fantasy must be applied and practiced all the time to ensure the economic values of acceptance, mutual understanding and the sense of belongings is engrained in each and every Malaysians mind.According to YAB Dato Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, the 1 Malaysia reflects how we see, how we act and how we think as Malaysians. As such, the government takes actions based on the of necessity of all ethnic groups in our country. No race shall be left o ut and all decisions make en sureness not oppress one another.The concept of One Malaysia is based on the principle of People First, Performance Now, which mean the government leave alone think from the peoples perspective, put the people as their first precession and only carry out programme that benefits the people. Performance now denotes that the government emphasizes on producing productive results, stresses on the dressers efficiency in carrying out designated task as well as how fast and well government servants can complete a certain duty within a given timeframe.Furthermore, the One Malaysia concept in addition highlights 8 core values, namely perseverance (preserve harmony and peace), acceptance (show tolerance in other races lifestyle, religious practices and food), education (the learning of the national language), unity (uphold the principle of being ethical and honest), meritocracy (appreciate talented personnel), humility (be humble at all times), loyalty (pledg e to serve the country and its people) and the culture of excellence (rich in culture and show commitment beyond ordinary).One way of making the concept known is by the means of media. Media is the best tool to reach out to the public. According to S. Ramasubramaniam, he believed that the media has the potential to influence the craved racial attitudes especially for ethnics with minimal inter-racial direct contact.Ways to encourage the acceptance of 1Malaysia conceptFrom NEP to Look East Policies to Vision 2020, these policies have been so widely make in almost all mainstream media.As mentioned above, mainstream media has been effectively made use of to spread the governments convictions, in this case, the 1Malaysia concept.They use some(prenominal) methods to coerce, pacify and encourage the public in general to accept 1Malaysia. use aggressivelyRepetitionLets take The Star as an example The Star published all sorts of news revolving around the 1Malaysia concept in an exaggerati ng rate. For example, the establishment of 1Malaysia clinics, introduction of 1Malaysia aid schemes and the ceremony of 1Malaysia Family Day celebration. Besides, the pictures of the current Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak have also been featured all the time, appearing in almost every day newspaper.On the other hand, TV stations such as RTM 1, RTM 2 and TV3 action replay video clips and Public Service Announcement (PSA) pertaining to 1Malaysia concept. Even the radio stations shove the 1Malaysia concept down our throat by repeating the 1Malaysia song and messages. buy at exposure to the 1Malaysia concept is a long term planning effort by the government. The media resorts to this method as they believe that through repetition, the public depart be able to familiarize themselves with the concept and eventually take in the concept and further practice it in daily lives.Furthermore, the government uses the mainstream media because they believed in Rogers diffusion of insert ion theory whereby people at large will eventually accept 1Malaysia concept after going through the 5 stages in the diffusion process. At first, the public will be aware of the 1Malaysia concept as it has been widely publicized in the mainstream media. However, being aware is simply not enough. The concept is to be believed will be accepted by a very small group of innovators who are usually heavy media users. This trend will later on be followed by opinion leaders (early adopters) who will try to comprehend the concept themselves and if these leaders find the concept beneficial, they will eventually encourage their friends (early majority) to accept the concept. The snowball effect continues through word of mouth and reaches the late majority. After an extensive period of time, even the laggards will join in the bandwagon. Therefore, 1Malaysia concept must be aired as frequently as possible and over a significant amount of time in order of this theory to slouch into the minds of t he people.Biased reportingSecondly, mainstream media are used to encourage the acceptance of 1Malaysia by portraying fair sides of 1Malaysia concept. Parts of propaganda techniques are used in this context for example, the unstained folks technique under special appeals. 1Malaysia concept has generally been regarded as an ideology that is created for the people. The notion We stand, we think and we act as Malaysians as envisaged by Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak is commonly feature in the mainstream media. It carries the meaning that all people are together as one but not as separate individuals as Sarawakian or Sabahan. Besides, news featuring on citizens benefiting from the 1Malaysia aid scheme, 1Malaysia book vouchers, 1Malaysia housing loan and the list goes on and on is ubiquitous.Besides, the mainstream media also uses transfer to associate 1Malaysia concept to a peaceful, harmonious country whereby everyone is entitled to enjoy equality. In addition, mainstream media are also u sed testimonial technique by quoting prominent figures, usually political figures of the case Frontier who are in support of the 1Malaysia concept.Apart from that, based on priming effects, the media believes that how 1Malaysia concept is being presented in the media will eventually heighten the likelihood that people will develop similar thoughts about those things in the real world. To translate it into the present context, the mainstream medias constant portrayal of the positive side of 1Malaysia concept will indirectly shape how the public in general perceives 1Malaysia. Therefore, as long as the media portray 1Malaysia as something good, beneficial and serve the interest of the public, 1Malaysia concept will be widely acceptable by the citizens of Malaysia.Other than that, the mainstream media also try to coerce the public into accepting the 1Malalaysia concept through advertisements and video clips that uses the appeal to fear. topical anaesthetic TV stations such as TV1, TV 2 and TV3 air the Bersih 2.0 turned riot video clip over and over again as if to convince Malaysians that this will not happen if we were to embrace the 1Malaysia concept. As such, it indirectly sends out a message that 1Malaysia acts as a reassurance that riots will not happen as 1Malaysia concept emphasizes extensively on maintaining peacefulness and harmonyThe mainstream media highlight the 1Malaysia concept during ethnic festivals. It symbolizes us getting together and form a bandwagon. This is what people are doing and so should you. It is another way of the government to urge the public to assimilate the 1Malaysia concept. This scenario display people get together to uphold the 1Malaysia concept.Excessive use of logo, mottoThe mainstream media also uses the 1Malaysia logo and slogan in a wide-ranging manner. According to Hanita Hassan, Hadina Habil, Noor Aireen Ibrahim, symbols are strong identification marker as it symbolizes the 1Malaysia concept and symbols or visuals are to be believed that leaves generally a greater impact than words. Flipped through the newspaper for example and you will see plentiful of 1Malaysia logo together with its most bandied about slogan People first, Performance now (translated from Rakyat didahulukan, Pencapaian diutamakan). By repeatingly use of these logo and slogan, it aims to intrude into our sense of vision, thus, leave behind an impact.Introduction of new sectionsOther than that, The Star even allocates a special section, dedicated to events or programmes concerning the 1Malaysia concept. Specialized website 1malaysia website catering for thisConcept that is of utmost importance to the extent, they allocate a new section to cover on 1Malaysia newsUses Agenda-setting theory as benchmark- 1Malaysia is covered frequently and prominently, the public will regard the issue as important. Therefore, government take advantage / exploit the media to infix the concept into the peoples mind.DiscussionDespite all the efforts by the mainstream media, the question whether the mainstream media has successfully generated the desired outcome of the 1Malaysia concept remains arguable.It cannot be denied that the mainstream media has effect on the citizens of Malaysia. It does leave impact behind but only to a certain extent. The effects of mainstream media generally affect the average people. These average people are usually made up of those who are illiterate, living in rural or maybe suburban area whereby they do not have adequate access to the removed world except amenities provided by the government.Since these people are being confined in the comfort zone built by the government, they will only see from the perspective of the government, which is how 1Malaysia concept benefits the people.In order for 1Malaysia concept to be accepted, people must first believe in the concept itself. Government try to persuade people into accepting the concept but is it the wisest choice to use media?In my opinion, I am not convinced as the media ownership are under the control of the government. Hence it does not give me a comprehensive, transparent report on what 1Malaysia concept is all about. All we see are the good sides of the 1Malaysia. All things are bound to have its pros and cons. It makes us question the integrity of the mediaWhatever is reported tend to be biased, Confrim the statemet above (method bias These owners of mainstream media are all political figures / associates who is closely related The truth monopolize the media industry. politically used-entity. Loses its credibility in reporting nothing but the truth..1 for people to trust them wan people to embrace the 1Malaysia and work together as one. Tyrannical make people question the integrity, accountability, reliability and credibility of media. How far can people trust the media which is publicly known to be government-sided?However, mainstream media is not almightyAudiences are not passive in nature. They have a free choice . Even though Malaysians are deprived of their freedom of speech but we do have the freedom of hold. This freedom is further supported by the selective process whereby audiences can choose to expose to selected media outlet, choose to remember what is meaningful and the choice to alter the meaning to make to consistent with our pre-existing beliefs. Not do what they are told without comprehendingDeemed to chg due to person-to-person predisposition and strongly held beliefs.It is not necessary that they must be exposed to the mainstream media. With the advent of technology, the Internet has opened up a wide array of alternative media catering to different needs of the audience. This has allow audience to look for Malaysia Kini exposes the hidden truth behind government policies and several other socio-political blogger for example Marina Mahathir.So does the mainstream media achieved what it precious frequently has put people off. Tend to switch channel. will be able to look elsew here for sources of information. selective exposure, retention and perceptionMacroscopic political economy denotes that media institution has been turned into a selling commodity. question put people offWith This is exactly what the Malaysian government is doing. Critical theory explains that the overabundant group, i.e. government, maintain its status quo by exerting control on the people via Repressive State Approach (RSA) and Ideological State Approach (ISA) and media is a form of ISAThose who know operations of media not easily susceptible to the media as they themselves know the dirty tricks, laws, acts and vicious cycle repeating itself question the integrity, accountability, reliability and credibility of mainstream media. Question that govet intention.1malayisa= media practices democratic-participant theory that advocates media support for cultural pluralism at a grass root level , to stimulate and empower pluralistic group. developmental theory call for government an d the media to work hand-in-hand to ensure that media assist in the planned, beneficial development of a country.In short, mainstream media have effect onSo back to the question is I would say not. Unless the ownership of media is dissolved and is equally shared among the community, separate it as an independent entity, only then can be put our faith into the mainstream media.due to credibility, accountability, reliability. However boundaries between mainstream media is getting vague as time goes by as one new media emerges, media ownership has changed. Doubts are arising as media now portray what is desired by the controlling group instead of the voice of the masses (Under the control of media conglomerate or elites)- due to polarized system and the top-down hierarchy. Look at the ownership of media.Media is a tool for manipulation.Cannot be denied that media does not have effect as the very moment you are exposed to the media.Misuse media distort the original value of mediaMSM is a polarized system, meaning one-way information to be transmitted/ passed down. This is a situation known as Agenda-setting. Diffusion of informationPeople see Mainstream media (MSM) as an avenue to transmit / bridge between the public and government.Some see MSM as a tool used by those who are in power, i.e. globose company owner, the government, private sector.Media are supporting roles in govt policiesActs + Media ownership limit / put constraintshttp//www.mediaprima.com.my/aboutus/our_profile2.aspxMedia Prima- leading integrated media investment group. (media conglomerate) own 100% in TV3, NTV7, TV8, TV9, NSTP (The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad) NST, The Malay Mail Berita Harian, harian Metro, Fly fm, Hot Fm, One fmClearly show media are generally/ widely use to propagate govt ideologyDiscussion part usage emergence of new mediaAudience are not passive. Relaisation whos behind the media increase erosion of the medias credibility necessity for greater transparency , accountability and democracy.Demand for proof / seek reinforcement)Some responded that mainstream media fails to meet the communication needs of certain groups (esp minority)Media is merely a toolTo use it wisely or to misuse it (distort it) is up to an individual and theAs long as it is under the grasp of the government, freedom of speech can never be rattling realised

What Is Real Love Philosophy Essay

What Is legitimate Love Philosophy EssaySome say that passionateness is the most right and magical force. simply it is also the most formidable thing in the universe, and that there would be nowhere else it could discover and display its beauty and wonders more, than in an contact relationship amidst two people. It is said to be invisible and cannot be measured yet so powerful plenty to be able to read person in a moment and give you so much joy than any material possession one could incessantly have (Angelis, 10).Real hunch over refers to as an act of faith, which means you commit yourself without any guarantees of the separate individual loving you back. The bible tells us that, Love is patient, kind, it does not envy or boast, it is not proud or rude, it is not self seeking or easily angered, and it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in shabbiness but rejoice with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes and always perseveres. Love nev er fails. An example of such kind of love is agape love- its offered or disposed(p) despite of how the other partner behaves its a form of real love which is un qualifiedly committed to an imperfect person. Its a love that is transparent, strong enough to allow your partner to get close to you and tell the honest truth, share your positive and negative feelings and it is this kind of love that will be able to keep other types of love alive. Perfect love is the one that gives all and expects zero point. If you expect nothing and ask for nothing at all then you can never be betrayed or disappointed, its only when love demands that is bound to bring a lot of pain.Real love is when you unconditionally care about the felicity of another person without thinking of what you might get for yourself, even when they dont think of you, consider or give you nothing in return which includes gratitude because youre main concern is their happiness. Real love is not selfish but the one which has no limits or any conditions attached to it.Without real love, we get miserable but with it our happiness is genuinely true. And this is not the kind of happiness we get from money, sex or conditional approval, its also not the same as the feeling that we get from entertainment or from acquiring people to do what we want, but this is genuine happiness which is profound, a long lasting sense of peace and fulfillment that will deeply satisfy us and enlarge our souls. It doesnt disappear when circumstances or situations get worse. It preserves and even grows through sufferings and hardships. This true happiness is our entire purpose to live and is the type of happiness which can only be obtained and guaranteed as we find real love and be able to share it with other people. With real love nothing else matters without it, nothing else is enough (Baer, 12).The feeling of being loved and also becoming unconditionally loving doesnt happen all at once like a winking of an eye, it takes time and patience. You are not going to loose all your fears, disappointments, anger or pain overnight, its a journey, but a journey that is worth every effort.Some people worry or even fear that loving unconditionally might turn them to a doormat that everyone around them is going to use. But the truth is when you love people unconditionally, that does not imply you have the responsibility to give them everything they want it would only mean you are being indulgent and immature. When you love someone unconditionally, you accept that person as they are and contribute to their happiness as wisely as you can but it does not entail that you oppose to their every command.Real love is when you tell somebody that you care about how they feel but conditional love is when you tell them that you like how they make you feel. qualified love is selfish, one sided, it is what people offer us when we do what they want and sadly its the only kind of love most people have ever known. People have like d or loved us more when we make them feel good about themselves, meaning we have to buy conditional love. When we dont know the difference between real and conditional love, we end up settling for give and takes of conditional love which always leaves us empty, unhappy, disappointed and frustrated. It is and then advisable to know the two reliable signs that portray that love is not genuine that is anger and disappointment (Baer, 22).When it comes to love relationships, we often feel safe enough to express our love and attain intimacy when we are sure that the bridge is solid and that we also feel confident of its support.Trust is that bridge which is there between individuals that enables them to cross over to each other in whichever relationship, whether its friends, lovers or business associates. We tend to feel comfortable and secure with a sturdy foundation to a lower place us, but when it comes to real love, you vindicatory love without expecting anything in return, that wa y you are actually exempted from being hurt (Block, 18).In conclusion, what we have observed is that the foundation of our disappointment, irritation, anger, fretfulness and even bitterness in our souls is not caused by the people around us, but by lack of real love among ourselves. Understanding they say is just a simple realistic assessment of how things are, but blame shows anger and pain which can only bring harm to both yourself and others. The point is If someone doesnt know how to love, dont tell them but show them and sooner or later theyll begin to speak and understand the language of love.

Wireless Networking And Malicious Association Computer Science Essay

Wireless interlockinging And bitchy Association Computer Science EssayWireless guarantor is to disall(a)ow self-appointed drug substance ab drug exploiter to entre the radio communicate or damage the ready reck one(a)r by using radio set earnings. When the radio technology has been first introduced to the world, it already has few danger methods that will harm the users desktop or laptop, but that time cracker and mutilateer dont have any resources to crack or plug a cyberspace by using radio receiver technology. At that time, the receiving set mesh totally use by the big companionship. unless now day, radio receiver meshwork is very common, every corner of the world worry caf, shopping mall, school, or college that has provide radio receiver addition for the people to annoy it. Not only caf and college using radio network, at other(a) country it use piano tuner technology to connect whole citys network.With this technology, people that around the pia no tuner r step to the foreer faecal matter intimately to advance the radio set network to do the search of the information, check mail or play online game. Because of the piano tuner technology, now day, every laptop has wireless organizer card pre-install privileged and prepare the laptop more than portable and let them drive out connect to earnings easily. Not only for laptop, wireless technology as well as make benefit for the desktop. Desktop after part connect to network by installing a wireless adapter card or plug in an USB wireless adapter then(prenominal) desktop can connect to a network and without cable messy around the floor. In this case, wireless technology has capture widely use and because of this reason, the risk of using wireless technology has ontogeny and let many navvy found the way to hack the wireless network. whole of gage risk is related to the current wireless protocol and encryption method. nearly of the wireless networks use IEEE 802. 11b for quantity communication and IEEE 802.11b have already became standard wireless networking technology among the small business user and home user. The IEEE 802.11b can support the indoor distance from several meter to several hundred meters, and can support the outdoor from several kilometer to several ten of kilometers by using unlicensed wireless band. Now day, the wireless network devices normally argon equipped with Wired Equivalent loneliness (WEP) selective information encryption. WEP data encryption was based on 64-bit RC4 encryption algorithm. Other that 64-bit RC4 encryption algorithm, 128-bit encryption algorithm is other data encryption on the WEP data encryption. But this kind of device is more expensive comp be with 64-bit RC4 encryption and beside that, all the nodes must use the alike encryption take aim.1.2 Aim of ResearchAim of the search is to implement the wireless trade protection into the CSC System to forbid un authentic user to overture the wir eless network.To increase the warranter level of the wireless network.To avoid the data or information inside the waiter or reckoner been hacked by wildcat user.To increase the recourse of the data transfer between server and computer.To add otiose encryption method to encrypt the packet need to be transfer.To prevent unauthorized user to shut down whole system though the wireless access blockage.Chapter 2 Main Body2.1 Wireless Security ConceptA research has been carried out about the concept of the Wireless Security and how to enhance the wireless security. Wireless Security is to prevent an unauthorized user to invade the server database and roleplay harm to perfect network. Below are the results of the research.2.1.1 Unauthorized doorwayAccording to the research, have a lot of way to break into the wireless access commit without an authorization. The unauthorized access will cause companys daily operation failure and lose profit. Below are the round of the examples un authorized accesses.2.1.1.1 MAC SpoofingMAC spoofing is a technique to change an assigned MAC (Media Access Control) make do to other different MAC carry on. When a person using this technique, he/she has his/her reason to changes a network devices MAC apostrophize, whether is ordered or illegitimate. Changes a network devices assigned MAC cross allows bypass the access control list on the server or router, all hiding a computer on a network or attacking a network by simulate another(prenominal) network device.MAC spoofing occurs when a cracker or plug has the ability to listen the network dealing that passed by and through it the cracker or hacker can identify the MAC address of the computer with network privileges. roughly of the wireless system allows MAC filtering to only allow authorized computer that with particular MAC address to access the network. The computer that dont has specific MAC address cant access the network, so the cracker or hacker use a program which has network sniffing capability and combine with other software or program to pretend the computer has any MAC address that the cracker desires. (Wikipedia, 2010)2.1.1.2 Malicious AssociationThe Malicious Association is hacker that can connect to company network by using their cracked laptop. This type of laptop is known as soft AP (Access Point) and this type of laptop is created by using some software that makes the hacker laptops wireless adapter card look like a legitimate access point. After the hacker has already gained the access to the company network, the hacker can steal the password or plant the computer virus into the network. (Wikipedia, 2010)2.1.1.3 Ad-hoc NetworkAd-hoc network, in any case known as peer-to-peer network built up between two or more wireless computers and these wireless computers dont have access point in between them. Ad-hoc network usually provide little resistance, encryption method to the network. When a company or person using Ad-hoc network and wire infrastructure network together at the same time, and will link up a vouchd network to an unsecured network.Connect two different network topology need to have a bridge between them. Bridging is in two forms. User can connect the network topology y a direct bridge and indirect bridge. Direct bridge need to configure by the user and indirect bridge is user partake resource on the user computer. The indirect bridge is provides two security problems. The first problem is the data can be obtained through the secured network on the user computer and this data exposed to other user discovery via the Ad-hoc network bypassing the user secured network. The second problem is a Trojan, computer virus or worm can be steadd on the user computer through the Ad-hoc network. The unauthorized user no needs to crack the password of the network and can place the computer virus through the Ad-hoc network. (Wikipedia, 2010)2.1.1.4 Denial of ServiceCUsersZoukyDesktop424px-Stachledraht_DDos_Atta ck.jpgDoS (Denial of Service) or DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) will occurs is when an attacker continues non-stop bombards an attacker targeted access point with phoney request, failure messages, or other commands. Denial of service will cause other users cant get into the network and also will cause a network crash. The DoS attack will expose a little bit of the data to the attacker, when the DoS attack happen, the interrupted network will prevents the data flow and also indirectly prevent the data from being transmitted. After the DoS attack has been performed, the attacker will start to observe recovery of the wireless network. During the initial handshake polity is start to re-transmitted to the wireless network, the attacker continue what he remain. The attacker will record down the initial handshake code and use cracking tools to analyze the security weakness and exploit this code to get an unauthorized access to the system. (Wikipedia, 2010)2.1.1.5 Man-in-the-middle A ttackMan-in-the-middle attacker using a computer to sets up a soft AP (Access Point) and enticing other computers to log into the computer that already been sets up to soft AP. After this all are done, the attacker connects to a real access point by using other wireless card and the attacker will offers a steady flow of the network traffic through the done hacking computer to real network. Man-in-the-middle attack forces other computers AP drop the club to real network and reconnect to attackers soft AP. This allows hacker to receive what other computers privation data need to send out to real network. (Wikipedia, 2010)2.2 Basic Security for WirelessWireless network exist in this world already has a decade, at that time the security for the wireless network still not strong enough to prevent infiltrate by hacker or cracker. But at that time the hacker doesnt familiar on technology or technique to hack the wireless network. One of the reasons is the hacking device to hack the wirel ess network still hard to achieve on that time market. After a decade, the technology and technique to hack a wireless network and the step to shew up the hacking device can found on internet. So now day the wireless network users need to have a strong and break-dance wireless security to secure the wireless network. Below are the canonic securities for wireless network for the first wireless network has been introduced.2.2.1 Service conform IdentifierSSID (Service Set Identifier) is a common network name for a device in a wireless LAN and some of the wireless device has its own neglect SSID. The default SSID can be replaced by other string and normally this string is generated randomly. SSID is to identify a name for particular wireless access point. either wireless network need to have SSID within the wireless access point that can communicate each other. The thickening doesnt know the SSID of the access point, then that client cant simply access the network this is to pre vent hacker to invade network by access through access point. The hacker need to know the SSID of a network provided can complete the 802.11b protocol to access the network. The access point will channelizes the SSID by the beacon inside the wireless device. However, even the broadcasting of the access point is turn off, the SSID still can geted by hacker with undetected monitoring of particular network or sniffing. So, all the clients need to know the SSID of the access point before can make connection to the wireless device.(Bhagyavati, Wayne C. Summers and Anthony DeJoie, 2004), (Prasad, 2007)2.2.2 Medium Access Control maneuver FilterEach wireless access point can be configured only accept the clients MAC address that already registered inside the wireless access point. With this function, the network decision makers can limit the access of the client into wireless network by register the clients MAC address into the wireless access point. Most of wireless devices MAC addre ss is unique and MAC address filter only allow the clients MAC address already registered in the wireless access point to access the network. The entire clients MAC address will store into MAC address ACL (Access Control List) and wireless access point will denied other wireless device if the wireless devices MAC address is not register inside wireless access points MAC address ACL.(Bhagyavati, Wayne C. Summers and Anthony DeJoie, 2004), (Prasad, 2007)2.2.3 Wired Equivalent PrivacyWEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is intend to give wireless users have a security scheme is equivalent to the pumped up(p) network security. WEP doesnt provide any superior level or higher than that level of security, although WEP doesnt has superior level of security but it security level is equivalent with wired network. In the practice, the result show that the security level of WEP need to equivalent to wired network security is hardly to achieve. The use of WEP is to prevent the wireless client from se nding and receiving data from the wireless access point, the wireless clients need to have the correct WEP happen upon just can connect to the wireless access point. Now mostly of the network devices is equipped with the WEP data encryption and the encryption algorithm for the WEP is 64-bit RC4. Some of the network device capable to uses 128-bit encryption algorithm. After WEP is active, each 802.11 packet will encrypted by 64-bit RC4 key with RC4 figure out stream. This key is composed of 24-bit IV (Initialization Vector) and other 40-bit is WEP key. IV is chosen by the sender and the IV can be change, this make every packet routine encrypt with the same key. Another additional 4-byte is for ICV ( fairness Check Value) ICV is computed and appended on the original packet. RC4 cipher stream is generated by 64-bit RC4 encryption algorithm. The WEP encryption algorithms work on a key that share between wireless device and wireless access point. The packet is encrypted by using the key before packet is send out and all packets wont have same cipher stream. The packet receiver use truth check to ensure that the packet is not modified during the transmission. Most of the systems are share a single key among all the wireless device and wireless access point. The Integrity Check Field is to ensure the packets are not been modified during the transmission and Integrity Check Field also encrypted with the RC4 cipher stream. WEP is using CRC-32 (Cyclic Redundancy Code 32) mechanism for integrity check. CRC is defined as a class of checksum to prevent overflow by dividing the message into binary.(Bhagyavati, Wayne C. Summers and Anthony DeJoie, 2004), (Halil Ibrahim BulBul, Ihsan Batmaz and Mesut Ozel, 2005), (Prasad, 2007)2.3 Comparison between SSID, MAC Address Control Filter and WEPFrom the research, SSID (Service Set Identifier), MAC (Medium Access Control) address control filter and WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) are the basic security for the wireless network. This three security methods can implement together in one network. Because these are basic security for wireless network, so the security methods are easy to break by unauthorized user. If not implement other security methods and only just implement SSID, MAC address control Filter and WEP into wireless network, that wireless network will not secure under protection of these three security methods.The wireless access point will broadcast the SSID to the wireless client and wireless client just can access to the access point. When the access point broadcast its own SSID, the entire nearby wireless client will know the SSID of that network or access point, even the unauthorized users also will know the SSID of the network. The unauthorized users will attempt to access the wireless access point. And the wireless access point can close the SSID broadcast function mean that the SSID is hidden. But when the authorized user necessitates connecting to the access point, the authorized user will broadcast the SSID to the wireless access point, if the SSID broadcast by the authorized user is match with the SSID of the access point. The authorized user just can make connect to the access point. This make hacker a chance to hack the access point because when authorized user is broadcasts the SSID to the access point, hacker can capture the packet that broadcast by the authorized user and make connection to the wireless access point.The wireless devices MAC address will store inside the wireless access point ACL (Access Control List), the wireless devices MAC address need to be match with MAC address inside the wireless access point ACL just can connect with wireless network. If that wireless network has more than 20 computers need to connect to the wireless network, then the network administrator need to enter all the computers MAC address into the wireless access point ACL. This will make the network administrator very troublesome enter the MAC address one by one and MA C address can be forged.WEP has been considered as a failure in wireless security, at the end it still accepted by the IEEE because WEP wasnt aim for provides fully security for wireless. WEP encryption is very easy to crack by the unauthorized user. WEP only authenticates the wireless client. This allows an unauthorized user to capture the packet send by the wireless client. WEP key is easily lost or stolen by unauthorized user and if the stolen WEP key hasnt been report to the network administrator, the network administrator wont able to detect the unauthorized user has already infiltrated the wireless network. If the stolen WEP key has been reported, network administrator require to change the entire devices that have use the same WEP key with stolen devices WEP key. If the company or enterprise has more than thousands of wireless user using that wireless network, this can be a very difficult task for the network administrator to change the entire WEP key for each wireless users. Like just mentioned, the WEP authentication message is easy to forging by the unauthorized user. Unauthorized user can capture the authentication message that send by the wireless client and forge a new authentication message unauthorized user can use this forged message to associate with wireless access point. The solicitude for WEP key in not specific in WEP standard. Since dont have management for WEP key, then WEP key will be use for a long term and lack of quality. Most of the wireless network uses one WEP key and share between the entire network and the entire wireless clients access point need to program with same WEP key. Because of this reason, network administrators rarely change the WEP key.SSID, MAC address control filter and WEP is basic security for wireless network these methods still cant apply in wireless network. Just using SSID, MAC address control filter and WEP are not enough to prevent the security break. These methods require associate with other security met hods to enhance the wireless security to prevent security break.2.4 Advanced Security for WirelessFrom the research that carried out, advanced wireless securities are to replace the basic wireless security and improve what basic wireless security vulnerability.2.4.1 Wi-Fi Protected AccessWPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) is a certification program that created by Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Alliance WPA is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i. This technology is designed to response to the weaknesses that found in WEP. WPA will generate the key based on the master key and the master key never use by WPA. To encrypt the data, WPA is much more secure than WEP.Key management and updating in WEP is poorly provided, the secure key management is a built-in function in WPA. Mean that WPA can update and manage the key easily, not like WEP. If WEP need to manage or update the key, the network administrator needs to change entire wireless client key that has connection with the wireless network. WPA got one key only and that is master key like just mentioned, network administrator only require to change that master key then WPA will generate the key based on the master key. Generated key is hierarchy of the master key. So this make the management and updating become much easier.The IV (Initialization Vector) values can be reuse and the length of the IV is become longer, from 24-bit increase to 48-bit. Another additional part, the IVs are the sequence counters for the TSC (TKIP Sequence Counter), to protect the loop of the data. The WEP message integrity protocol CRC-32 has been proved ineffective. Because of this reason, WPA uses a MIC (Message Integrity Check) mechanism to replace the WEP message integrity protocol. The correct MIC is very difficult to guess. (Halil Ibrahim BulBul, Ihsan Batmaz and Mesut Ozel, 2005), (Bhagyavati, Wayne C. Summers and Anthony DeJoie, 2004), (DifferenceBetween, 2010)WPA has 3 improvements over WEPImproved Data encodingWPA improves the data encryption through the TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol). TKIP generates the key by using hashing algorithm and adding the integrity checking feature, this will ensure the key havent been edited by other person. TKIP is a Temporal Key hash Function and it is another option to WEP to fix all security problems that WEP has and it doesnt require installing other new hardware. TKIP same like WEP, use RC4 stream cipher to encrypt and trace data and all involved clients require share the same key. This key must be 128-bit and it calls Temporal Key (TK). The Initialization Vector also complicate in TKIP. Even if the TK is shared among all the wireless clients, all wireless clients generate different RC4 key stream. Since the communication participants perform a 2-phase generation of a unique Per- packet Key (PPK), which is used as the key for the RC4 key stream. (Halil Ibrahim BulBul, Ihsan Batmaz and Mesut Ozel, 2005)User AuthenticationUser authentication in WPA is through the EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol). This function is deficient in WEP and WEP access to the wireless network is based on computers network cards MAC address and MAC address is very simple to be stolen. The purpose of EAP is to create a more secure public-key encryption system to ensure that only authorized user can access the wireless network. (Halil Ibrahim BulBul, Ihsan Batmaz and Mesut Ozel, 2005)IntegrityWPA has a new mechanism call (MIC) Message Integrity Code for TKIP is computed by a new algorithm, name Michael. MIC is computed to detect errors in the data contents, either is transfer errors or purposely change the data content. The Michael is a 64-bit MIC and need to add to the data and ICV (Integrity Check Value). (Halil Ibrahim BulBul, Ihsan Batmaz and Mesut Ozel, 2005)2.4.2 Robust Security NetworkRSN (Robust Security Network), also call as WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) 2. At year 2004, concept of RSN has been released, where the wireless devices need to support by additional capab ilities. RSN is fully tested by Wi-Fi Alliances. RSN has a whole new standard and architecture to utilize the IEEE 802.1X standard for AES (Advanced encoding Standard) and access control. RSN is using a pair-wise key exchange (Four Way Handshake) protocol, RSN also utilizing with 802.1X for key management process and mutual authentication. Now, 802.11i allows for the network implementation and also can use TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol). By default RSN uses CCMP (Counter Mode MAC Protocol) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) to provide for a scalable and stronger solution. AES is a replacement for RC4.Data transmission between the wireless access point and wireless device, RSN uses encryption algorithms and dynamic negotiation of authentication on the data transmission. The authentication of RSN is based on 802.1X and EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol). Encryption algorithms and dynamic negotiation of authentication make RSNs security more secure and save. RSN is stronger and better than WEP and WPA because RSN is using dynamic negotiation, 802.1X, EAP and AES. Unfortunately only the latest devices have the capability let RSN to accelerate the speed of algorithms calculation in wireless client and wireless access point now day of wireless product cant fully provide the performance of RSN.(Halil Ibrahim BulBul, Ihsan Batmaz and Mesut Ozel, 2005), (Bhagyavati, Wayne C. Summers and Anthony DeJoie, 2004), (DifferenceBetween, 2010)2.5 Comparison between WPA and WEPWPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) is the solution for the WEP vulnerability, has some critics done for the WEP, the WPA has numerous enhancements over WEP. WPAs TKIP encryption algorithm has fully enhances the WEPs RC4 encryption algorithm. TKIP make the data encryption more efficient and replace the RC4 vulnerability. WPA has do the key management became much more easier compare with WEP, because the WEPs key require enter one by one to the wireless client, if the company has more than tho usands users then the network administrator need to enter more than thousands keys into the users computer. If the key is hacked by unauthorized user, then network administrator need to change key for entire companys computers. On the other hand, WPA no needs so troublesome, WPA only needs to enter one master key, and then WPA will generate key gibe with the hierarchy of master key, after that WPA will assign the key to the clients and the key is generated in 48-bit of IV size. Even the company got more ten thousands users also no need to trouble the network administrator. If one of the key has been hacked by unauthorized user, TKIP just need to generate a new key then network administrator can info the wireless client to change the key.WPA has EAP to authenticate the wireless user. WEP is using MAC address to authenticate the wireless user and some of the wireless devices MAC address can be forged. If the wireless devices MAC address has been forged by unauthorized user then the u nauthorized user can easier to connect the wireless network without known by the network administrator. Network administrator also wont notify the wireless network is infiltrated by the unauthorized user until the wireless user report there is a missing MAC address. WPA is using EAP to authenticate the wireless user and the EAP for each wireless client is hard to forge by unauthorized user. If the EAP of the client is forging, but the unauthorized user still need wireless clients private key just can access the wireless network.WEP dont have error checking for the data content, and this will cause the looping of the data. If cant prevent replay attacks and will cause the wireless network crash. WPA has inserted the MIC into TKIP and IV sequence mechanism this is to prevent replay attacks in the wireless network. MIC and IV sequence mechanism support for the existing wireless infrastructures not require installing new wireless device. Adding MIC and IV sequence mechanism without inst all new wireless device, adding these two methods can increase the wireless security and also without increase the installation cost of wireless device.Compare WPA with the WEP, WPA has solved a lot of WEP vulnerabilities. This make WPA is more secure compare with WEP because WEP only is basic security for the wireless network it doesnt provide any protection for the wireless network. WEPs security methods can let a small enterprise to setup a small wireless network. For the big company, WEPs security methods are hard preventing the unauthorized access from outsider.2.6 Comparison between WPA and RSNFor now, never the less, RSN (Robust Security Network) is the strongest wireless security protocol for the wireless network. RSN provide stronger data encryption algorithm and all advantages of WPA. The RSN data encryption algorithm method is using AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) to encrypt the data. What advantages WPA have all included in RSN, expect the RSN data encryption algorith m is more advance.For WPA require upgrade for the software and firmware of the wireless device for the existing wireless network infrastructure, but the RSN doesnt support existing wireless network infrastructure, require upgrading the wireless device in order to implement AES. Implement RSN into the existing wireless network infrastructure require extra cost for just upgrade the hardware.RSN need large amount of processing resources in order to protect the wireless network. Mean that implement RSN will reduce the wireless network performance by processing the data transfer or verify the wireless client.2.7 put back of Comparison between WEP, WPA and RSNBelow is summary of the comparison between WEP, WPA and RSNFeatures of MechanismWEPWPARSNEncryption Cipher MechanismRC4RC4 / TKIPAES / CCMPCCMP / TKIPEncryption Key Size40 bits128 bits128 bitsEncryption Key Managementnone802.1x802.1xEncryption Key Per PacketConcatenatedMixedNo needEncryption Key ChangeNoneFor Each PacketNo needIV Si ze24 bits48 bits48 bitsAuthenticationWeak802.1x EAP802.1x EAPData IntegrityCRC 32 ICVMIC (Michael)CCMHeader IntegrityNoneMIC (Michael)CCMReplay Attack PreventionNoneIV SequenceIV Sequence(Halil Ibrahim BulBul, Ihsan Batmaz and Mesut Ozel, 2005)Chapter 3 Conclusion3.1 Achievement of Objectives3.1.1 To increase the security level of the wireless network.In chapter 2.2 until 2.4, the different wireless securities provide different service.3.1.2 To avoid the data or information inside the server or computer been hacked by unauthorized user.In chapter 2.1, the type of the unauthorized user that can infiltrates the wireless network and chapter 2.2 and 2.4 the methods to prevent hacking.3.1.3 To increase the safety of the data transfer between server and computer.In chapter 2.2 until 2.4, increase the safety of the wireless access point of wireless network.3.1.4 To add extra encryption method to encrypt the packet need to be transfer.From chapter 2.2 until 2.4, the extra encryption meth ods that can hide the data detail.3.1.5 To prevent unauthorized user to shut down whole system though the wireless access point.In chapter 2.2 until 2.4, the methods to prevent the unauthorized user to connect with wireless access point.3.2 Research ConclusionA research has been carried out to finish this seminar report by perusal the type of the unauthorized access, concept of the wireless security and how efficiency is the wireless network security by determine the wireless security method. Now wireless has already became widely use by company or enterprise, even at home also can using wireless to connect to internet for home purpose like surfing the internet. The reason why so many people like to use wireless network compare with wired network, is because the structure of wireless network is more neat and easy to manage.At the time wireless just came out to the market, the security for the wireless still frail by hacker or cracker but need a lot of resources to break the securi ty of wireless network. Because last time, wireless network just introduced, the hacker or cracker lack of technology and technique to break the wireless network. Still after few years, the technology and technique to break the wireless security can found in internet. At that time the wireless network has sound the alert and organizations are finding the solution for solve the wireless security problem. But now, the new technology of wireless security has out to market and the security methods are easy to install. So, now wireless security is not a problem.In the report got mentioned is RSN can be the most tested wireless security for the wireless network. But it still has certain problem like higher cost. Installation for the RSN needs to change whole wireless network infrastructure. WPA got a lot of security methods that cant compare with RSN but WPA still dependable just like RSN. Doesnt mean the expensive item is the good item. As long as the item is reliable then that item is a good item.

Human Genome :: essays research papers

Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international 13 stratum effort that began in October of 1990. The main objective of the project is to map the entire human DNA sequence. The project was planned to last 15 years, but fast technological advances have moved the completion date to cc3. A rough draft of the human genome was get alongd in June 2000. Efforts are still underway to complete the finished high quality sequence. Many laboratories around the United States receive funding from either the Department of Energy (DOE) or the National Institutes of Health, or from both, for the HGP. other(a) researchers at colleges, universities, and laboratories throughout the United States also receive funding for the project. At any given time, the DOE Human Genome Project funds about 200 separate investigators. At least 18 countries have established human genome research programs. slightly of the larger programs are in Australia, France, Sweden, China and the United Kingdom. Some developing countries are participating through studies of molecular biology techniques for genome research and studies of organisms that are particularly interesting to their geographic regions. The Human Genome Project Organization helps to devise international efforts in the genome project. There are many benefits and goals of the Human Genome Project. Rapid progress in genome science and a glimpse into its potential applications have helped observers to bode that biology will be the most important science of the 21 century. Aside from its medical and scientific benefits, the development of genomics research presents U.S. industry with many opportunities. The Consulting Resources mountain Newsletter (Spring 1999) said that the sale of DNA based products and technologies in the biotechnology industry are rejected to exceed $45 billion by 2009. champion of the goals of the project is improved knowledge in the area of molecular medicine. Increasingly detailed maps h ave aided researchers seeking genes associated with dozens of genetic conditions, including inherited colon cancer, Alzheimers disease, and familial breast cancer. Also, molecular medicine will benefit with the improved diagnosis of disease, rational drug design, gene therapy and pharmaceutical custom drugs. another(prenominal) area that will benefit is that of Microbial Genetics. Despite our reliance on the inhabitants of the microbial world, we know little of their number or their nature. estimates are that less than 0.01% of every last(predicate) microbes have been identified. Also, expected benefits include developments of diverse new products, processes, and test methods that will open the door to a cleaner environment.

Symbols and Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet Letter es

Symbolism in The Scarlet earn          The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is generally considered to be the first American symbolic novel.  A symbol is something which is used to represent something broader in meaning.          The most obvious symbol in the novel is the actual scarlet A which both the criticism and I agree upon.  This A is the literal symbol of the sinning of adultery.  The letter A past appears in many different forms throughout the novel. The gold-embroidered A on Hester Prynnes fascinates Pearl Prynne. It is magnified in the armor breast plate at Governor Bellinghams polarity which is so extreme that it  seems to hide and cover Hester.  On the night of Arthur Dimmesdale vigil, he sees a red A in the sky.  And finally,  the letter is revealed on Dimmsdales chest in front of the whole village.          The A as well takes on many meanings.    It has the original meaning as well as different meanings to various characters.  To Hester, the A nub humiliation.  The A to Dimmesdale is a reminder of his ingest contrition. To Pearl, the A is peculiarity and Roger Chillingworth sees the A as a journey for retaliation.  Other then adultery, the A can also stand for Angel and Able.  Angel, for it appears in the sky after Governor Winthrops death. Able, for Hester has won the respect of the Puritans even if she has sinned terribly.          Hawthorne uses the prison building to describe crime and penalization in contrast with the tombstone at the end of ... ...t price is Hesters reputation and her standing in the community.  Pearl is also a self-contained  symbol. The result of her parents sin is shown in her often imprudent comments and unbridled behavior.          Each character in the novel suffers from a sin which they try to crush and bemoan with goodness from their own heart.          The Scarlet Letter is a maintain filled with symbolism.  I feel the symbolism helps to relate a situation to a position the reader knows about.  The critic which I based this on feels that there is voluminous accounts of symbolism, even too much.  I must disagree with this.  Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter is an amazingly written book for its time with just the right amount of powerful symbolism.